Comparison of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activities with Oral Health Status Among School-Going Children

Physical Activity and Oral Health in Children

Abstract

Objective: To assess physical activity, sedentary behavior, and their relationship with oral health status among schoolchildren in Karachi.

Methodology: After ethical approval, a cross-sectional study was conducted from 6 to 28 February 2025 among 100 schoolchildren aged 12–16 years at a private school in Karachi. Participants were selected through purposive sampling after obtaining parental consent and child assent. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, oral hygiene habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, alongside clinical examinations. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with less than 150 minutes/week considered insufficient. Sedentary behavior was classified as less than 7.5 or more than or equal to 7.5 hours/day. Oral health was assessed through the Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS.

Results: Of the participants, 63% were aged 12–16 years and 64% were female. More than half (57%) engaged in less than 150 minutes/week of physical activity, while 29% reported sedentary behavior of more than or equal to 7.5 hours/day. Although 99% brushed daily, only 49% brushed twice daily, and flossing was rare (4%). Clinically, 37% showed mild plaque, 30% mild gingivitis, and 16% had DMFT more than 2. The mean scores were as follows: Dental Plaque Index 0.74 ± 0.60, Gingival Index 0.65 ± 0.45, and DMFT 1.01 ± 1.42.

Conclusion: High sedentary behavior and insufficient physical activity were common among schoolchildren and were associated with suboptimal oral hygiene and mild periodontal conditions. Promoting active lifestyles alongside oral health education in schools is essential to improve oral health.